Basic Elements

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Just like other flowmeters, differential pressure flowmeters consist of two elements. They are:
A primary element: This element causes a change in kinetic energy which results in the differential pressure in the pipe. The unit must be suitably matched to the

• pipe size,
• flow conditions, and
• the liquid’s properties

Besides, the measurement accuracy of the element must be fine over a practical range.
A secondary element: The secondary element measures the differential pressure created by primary element and gives the signal or read-out which is in turn transformed to the actual flow value.

Types of Differential Pressure Flowmeters

Most widely used differential pressure flowmeters are:

• Orifice Plates
• Flow Nozzles
• Venturi Tubes
• Variable Area flowmeters, i.e. Rotameters

Accuracy & Rangeability

Performance of a head-type flowmeter installation is a function of the

• precision of the flow element and
• the accuracy of the d/p cell

On average, flow element precision is expressed in percentage of actual reading terms, whereas d/p cell accuracy is stated as a percentage of calibrated span. A d/p cell typically provides accuracy of ±0.2% of the calibrated span. With no detrimental effect on accuracy, rangeability of a flowmeter can be extra enhanced by employing several d/p flowmeters in parallel runs.

Errors and Noise

In case of compressible fluids, the ratio of differential pressure divided by upstream pressure should not exceed 0.25 for reduction of error and correction of density. Metering errors caused due to wrong installation of the primary element can become considerable i.e. up to 10%. Following are the possible causes of these errors:

• the condition of the mating pipe sections
• insufficient straight pipe runs
• pressure tap and lead line design errors

In turbulent flow conditions, not more than 10% of the d/p signal could possibly be noise produced by disturbances from valves and fittings. These disturbances can be both up- and downstream of the element, and by the element itself. To sort out this noise, a damping is provided in d/p cells which prove to be adequate for majority of the applications. Rigorous noise can be diminished by applying two or more pressure taps connected in parallel on both sides of the d/p cell.

Sources

Siemens Danfoss Flow Meter

OmegaTech

Engineering Toolbox

Danfoss Parts Manual

Omega.literature